Language and Psychology, 1950-Preset: A Brief Overview, Morton Ann Gernsbacher and Michael P. Kaschak

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Historical Background
• 2.1 Broca and Wernicke: Pioneering the Study of Language and the Brain
• Paul Broca (1861) studied patient Tan who lost ability to comprehend language. Namesake for Broca's region in the brain.
• Karl Wernicke (1872) studied patients who were vocal but could not produce understandable utterances or comprehend language.
• 2.2 Piaget, Vygotsky, and Language Development
• 2.3 Behaviorism and Linguistics
• 2.4 The Invention of the Computer
• 2.5 Chomskyan and Cognitive Revolutions
• Noam Chomsky (1957) had the dominant approach to linguistics in North America.
• He provided a rigorous and formal system to understand how language is processed.
• 3. Language and Psychology: the 1950s and Beyond
• 3.1 Generative Grammar
• Universal Grammar: An innate set of rules or principles that underlie/govern the structure of all languages of the world.
• Center-embedding example: "The rat the cat the dog chased killed ate the cheese" which means "The dog cahsed the cat who killed the rat who ate the cheese"
• 3.2 Psycholinguistics: Sentence Processing
• Frazier (1978) garden path theory: temporarily ambiguous sentences can lead readers to the wrong understanding.
• Example: The horse raced past the barn fell.
• 3.3 Psycholinguistics: Discourse Processing
• 3.4 Language Acquisition
• 3.5 Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition
• 3.6 Computer Models, Representational Issues, and Corpus Linguistics
• 3.7 Conversational and Social Approaches to Language
• H. Paul Grice (1975) conversational maxims:
• 1. maxim of quality
• 2. maxim of relevance
• 3. maxim of quantity
• 4. maxim of manner
• 3.8 Neurolinguistics
• 3.9 Gesture and Sign Language
• 3.10 Cognitive Linguistics
• Epilogue: Psychology and Language in the Twenty-First Century